What is Redlining?
Starting in 1933, the New Deal Administration created HOLC (Home Owners Loan Corporation) to address the Depression’s foreclosure crisis by making low-cost loans available to home owners or buyers.
To ensure the safety of these loans, HOLC hired local real estate agents to create color-coded maps of every metropolitan area of the country. (See “Mapping Redlining”). Areas colored green were safest and red were riskiest. Even the most stable African American neighborhoods were “redlined.”
HOLC, the FHA, and other government agencies worked together with banks, appraisers, and the real estate sector to deny mortgages or housing loans to African Americans. The presence of one black entering a neighborhood could cause the entire community to be redlined–no housing loans available for anyone, black or white.
What that means today and why you should care:
From 1933 to 1968 (when the Fair Housing Act was passed) blacks were systematically denied the ability to invest in property, while whites could build equity in homes, and subsequent wealth. Today blacks have about 6-7% the wealth of whites (that’s “wealth,” not income).
The policy of redlining meant whites fled communities when blacks moved in, and segregation came to define America. Segregation costs cities a lot–both in real dollars and the resulting concentration of poverty and violence we see too often. (See Resources below.)
Redlining Resources
ARTICLES
“Mapping the Disparities That Bred an Unequal Pandemic” by Jeremy Deaton and Gloria Oladipo, Bloomberg
“Rage, Riots, Ruin” by Tony Briscoe and Ese Olumhense, Photos and video by Terrence Antonio James, Chicago Tribune
“Racism’s cost for black homeowners: $48,000, new study calculates” by Christopher Ingraham, Washington Post
“Chicago’s lifespan gap: Streeterville residents live to 90. Englewood residents die at 60. Study finds it’s the largest divide in the U.S.” by Lisa Schencker, Chicago Tribune
“How Redlining Segregated Chicago, and America” by Whet Moser, Chicago Magazine
“Confessions of a Blockbuster” by Norris Vitchek as told to Alfred Balk The Saturday Evening Post, July 1962.
“The Cost of Segregation” The Metropolitan Planning Council report
“A Black and White City: How Race Continues to Define Real Estate in Chicago” Chicago Agent Magazine
“The racial wealth gap: How Africa-Americans have been shortchanged out of the materials to build wealth” Economic Policy Institute
“The Widening Racial Wealth Divide” by James Surowiecki, The New Yorker
The groundbreaking study, “The Plunder of Black Wealth,” puts a shocking dollar amount to the wealth stolen from Blacks due to redlining: systemic racism.
BOOKS
Block By Block, Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side
by Amanda I. Seligman | Buy on Amazon
Family Properties, Race, Real Estate, and the exploitation of Black Urban America
by Beryl Satter | Buy on Amazon
The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration
by Isabel Wilkerson | Buy on Amazon
As Long as They Don’t Move Next Door, Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods
by Stephen Grant Meyer | Buy on Amazon
The South Side, A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation
by Natalie Y. Moore | Buy on Amazon
Making the Second Ghetto, Race & Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960
by Arnold R. Hirsch | Buy on Amazon
The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America
by Richard Rothstein | Buy on Amazon
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
by Michelle Alexander | Buy on Amazon
Crabgrass Frontier
by Kenneth Jackson | Buy on Amazon
The Origins of the Urban Crisis
by Thomas Sugrue | Buy on Amazon
American Apartheid
by Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton | Buy on Amazon
Great American City
by Robert Sampson | Buy on Amazon
Stuck In Place
by Patrick Sharkey | Buy on Amazon
My parents staked their future happiness and all their savings on a beautiful graystone two-flat on Chicago’s West Side. They didn’t know their investment was doomed because of a little-known racist lending rule called “Redlining.”
Movers carry out the belongings of a couple who had lived for twenty-two years in southwest Chicago. They left when the first Negros to come onto the block bought the house next door. Photo by Arthur Shay
The Racist History of Chicago’s Housing Policies [Inside Chicago, Part 1]
Here’s a compact and compelling overview of the focus in my book, Redlined (2018). Watch this short video of how Chicago was intentionally segregated by our government and the consequences of that legal segregation we live with today.
Segregated By Design
In this animation, adapted from his book The Color of Law (2017), historian Richard Rothstein explains with devastating precision how decades of brazenly intentional racist local, state and federal government housing policies led to the current status quo. Learn more here and here.
Systemic Racism Explained
Redlining Mapped
This 1940 HOLC map shows where I lived in West Garfield Park. Our two-flat was one block north and two blocks west of where the vertical and horizontal Xs intersect. Xs mean it’s commercial. Our area is colored yellow “definitely declining,” but my parents had no knowledge of such maps when they bought in the neighborhood Dad had called home for 35 years.
Blog Posts About Redlining
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream Speech: A Remembrance
Martin Luther King made his "I have a dream" speech on August 28th, 1963. It was held that day in honor of the anniversary of Emmett Till's torture and murder on the same date, in 1955.
A Memorial Day Tribute – Infantry and Air
This Memorial Day, I'm remembering two relatives who each served in one of the 20th century's two world wars.
Rape of Recy Taylor documentary #MeToo
Before Oprah spoke the name, "Recy Taylor" at the Golden Globe Awards on January 7th, most people hadn't heard of Mrs. Taylor, even though a new documentary, "The Rape of Recy Taylor," a film by Nancy Buirski had been released on December 7th, just a month before Oprah's speech.
East Garfield Park Shootings: Let’s solve for “Why?”
Two Chicago shootings within 16 hours of each other: a man was shot dead in East Garfield Park this past Friday afternoon. Saturday morning, another man was seriously injured: shot in the knee and stomach. The 2nd man isn't dead, but his injuries will surely compromise his quality of life as long as he lives.